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The SelectWare System Volume 5 #4
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The SelectWare System Volume 5 #4.iso
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mammals
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elephant
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eleph.dat
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1991-09-17
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ELEPHANT
Lazily stretching its trunk down
to a stream, an elephant sucks up
water. Then it curls its trunk
toward its mouth and squirts.
Despite its usefulness in drinking,
an elephant's trunk is more than a
straw. The animal breathes through
two nostrils at the end of its
trunk. With the help of a fingerlike
part at the tip, it can grasp small
objects. If threatened, elephants
may trumpet a warning through their
trunks.
The largest of all living land
animals, elephants may weigh more
than 6 tons (5,443 kg). Thick skin
crisscrossed with wrinkles covers
their huge bodies. The animals have
very little hair, just small clumps
around their ear openings, on their
chins, and at the ends of their
tails.
Most elephants have %f,10,..\h\tusk%tusks --huge,
pointed, ivory teeth that grow all
during an animal's life. Elephants
use their tusks as tools. A tusk can
help dig up a bush so the elephant
can eat the roots. A tusk can pry
bark from a tree. Often, one of an
elephant's tusks is shorter than the
other. The animal wears down that
tusk by using it more than the
other, just as people use one hand
more than the other.
Millions of years ago, ancestors
of the elephant roamed most of the
earth. Scientists believe that Ice
Age people hunted these shaggy
animals, called mammoths and
mastodons. Drawings of these animals
have been found in caves in Europe.
Today wild elephants live only in
Africa and in Asia.
The easiest way to tell the
difference between an African
elephant and an Asian elephant is by
the ears. African elephants have
much larger ears than their Asian
relatives do. African elephants also
are slightly taller and heavier.
Male African elephants usually
measure about 10 feet (305 cm) tall
at the shoulder--2 feet (61 cm)
taller than male Asian elephants.
Both male and female African
elephants have tusks that grow
several feet long. Among Asian
elephants, only the males grow tusks.
Although African and Asian
elephants do not look exactly alike,
their habits are similar. Both kinds
of elephants feed mainly on roots,
leaves, fruit, grasses, and
sometimes bark. After pulling a
bunch of grass from the ground with
its trunk, an elephant may beat the
grass against its leg to shake the
dirt off before eating. An adult
elephant eats as much as 300 pounds
(136 kg) of food a day.
To find that much food, these huge
animals must roam wide areas.
Females--called cows--travel
together in %f,10,..\g\herd%herds with their young
calves. Adult males--or bulls--
usually travel alone or with other
bulls. They join the group of
females for mating and occasionally
at other times.
An elephant cow usually gives
birth to one calf every two to four
years. Elephants have the longest
pregnancy of any %f,10,..\h\mammal%mammal in the
world--nearly 22 months. A newborn
calf stands about 3 feet (91 cm)
tall and weighs about 200 pounds (91
kg). It %f,10,..\h\nurse%nurses for three or four
years. About six months after birth,
however, the calf begins to eat some
solid food. Sometimes a calf sucks
its trunk, just as a human baby
sucks its thumb.
The youngster is looked after by
other cows in the herd as well as by
its mother. Young calves are often
kept together in groups called
kindergartens. One adult baby-sits
while other adults feed.
Elephant calves play much of the
time. They splash in the water,
chase small animals, and fight each
other with their trunks. When the
calves stop playing, they often lean
against each other and nap. Adult
elephants need little sleep. They
spend most of their time feeding or
visiting %f,10,..\h\water%water_holes to drink and
bathe. Elephants travel to several
water holes daily, and they
sometimes spend hours rolling around
in the mud and water. Surprisingly,
elephants swim very well.
With their strong legs, elephants
move around easily on land. They
have been used as work animals for
thousands of years. More than 2,000
years ago, they carried soldiers and
weapons into battle. In Asia, people
still train elephants to lift and
carry logs. Some elephants perform
in circuses.
Because of their size, elephants
have few enemies. Lions, tigers,
crocodiles, and other meat-eating
animals occasionally %f,10,..\h\prey%prey on small
calves that have become separated
from the herd. But these hunters
rarely attack adult elephants.
People are the elephant's only real
enemies.
For centuries, people have killed
elephants for sport and for their
valuable ivory. In Asia, most wild
elephants live on %f,10,..\h\preserve%preserves. In
Africa, some elephants still roam
wild through %F,10,..\g\grasslan%grasslands and %F,10,..\g\forest%forests.
Illegal hunting, or %f,10,..\h\poacher%poaching, has
destroyed about half of the wild
elephant population in the past
decade. Today, international laws
forbid the sale of ivory.